Lattice (Formation) Enthalpy is defined as: The enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic lattice is formed from its constituent ions in a gaseous state. atomisation Enthalpy change when one mole of atoms is formed   first ionisation removal of one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous ions To answer ...

4.23 - 4.38 The Alkenes Limonene is an alkene which can be found in the skin of citrus fruits  4.23 Meet the alkenes The Alkenes are another Homologous series of Hydrocarbons. They differ from the Alkanes because they contain in their molecules at least one double bond between two of the carbon atoms. Because of their double bonds, t...

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DOWNLOAD FREE FULL VERSION This embedded web version will show the key trends in properties across the periodic table. For full functionality please download the full powerpoint file    Use this video to demonstrate the main periodic trends in properties of elements in the periodic table.  This powerpoint presentation ...

The Odessa port plant in the Ukraine produces ammonia and other nitrogenous fertilisers.  

Scientists agree that too much carbon dioxide is still being released into the atmosphere by human activity. Yet in this recent article, the BBC report on how a shortage of carbon dioxide is causing concern for meat producers and consumers amongst others.... Carbon dioxide 'threatens food security' says meat  industry - BBC...

Hybrids help by being part electric which makes them more efficient but they still burn hydrocarbons.

If you're starting out on  an A level chemistry course take a little time to revise the bits of chemistry below.  You will have performed calculations involving mass changes and you will have studied combustion reactions. In the video I've done a rough calculation to see how much we think we might have reduced our...

If you are just about to start out on an A level course - now is the time to start getting your brain back in gear.  In this post, the tutors at Goldhill Education offer a pre-term checklist to help you hit the ground running. Before anything else, preparation is the key to success Alexander Graham Bell Your GCSE studies wi...

Five reasons why 1 :1 tuition helps. Whether online or in person,  our one to one private tuition will BOOST YOUR GRADES: Private tuition continues to be one of the most effective ways to boost examination performance and results. Class sizes in schools and colleges mean that any individual attention teachers give to students is...

Some molecules exist in two forms - a left handed and right handed form.

Chemistry Nobel awarded for mirror-image molecules - BBC News Two scientists have been awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on building molecules that are mirror images of one another. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58814418 Edexcel Year 13 chemistry students will find out that molecules can be "handed". This is ...

Universal indicator is useful for giving an estimated value for the pH of a substance

This is one of the tougher topics in year 13 chemistry.  In this post David deals with calculating the pH of strong acids and introduces some neat simulations.  Assumed background knowledge This topic is mostly about equilibria so it is important to understand that concept first. Before tackling this topic make sure you : unders...

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Boyles LawCharles Law Boyles Law simulation Explore the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas https://www.focuselearning.co.uk/s/1mrhyw5gdf2l Enter your text here ... Charles Law simulation Explore the relationship between volume and temperature for gases https://www.focuselearning.co.uk/s/1mrhyw5gdf2l State the ideal gas law pV = ...

OCR Learning outcomes Additional guidance Synthesis and separation. Purification methods. Recrystallisation  is a purification technique used to separate a solid compound from impurities by exploiting differences in solubility. How it works Dissolve the impure solid in a hot solvent in which the desired compound is highly soluble at high tempe...

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Quinoa is a complete protein, meaning that it contains all nine essential amino acids that our bodies cannot make on their own.

EdexcelOCRAQA Enter your text here ... Enter your text here ... Amino acid  Molecule A. This is glycine - the simplest of the amino acids. The systematic name is  2- aminoethanoic acid  Amine Molecule B. This is a simple aliphatic amine with two carbon atoms called ethylamine ( or ethanamine) . Ethylamine can be formed...

1.40 draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the formation of ionic compounds by electrontransfer, limited to combinations of elements from Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5, 6, 7only outer electrons need be shown1.41 understand ionic bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions1.42 understand why compounds with giant ionic lattices have high melting and boilingpo...

Intro image Edexcel 1Edexcel 2OCR Enter your text here ...  Exothermic reactions always lead to an increase in entropy of the surroundings.  In an example like this - the burning of magnesium  in oxygen - the entropy of the system decreases  because a giant ionic lattice ( Magnesium Oxide) is formed from the magnesium metal...

 CONGRATULATIONS ..on a brilliant set of exam results. 2021 has, for obvious reasons been one of the most difficult years for A level students. You've all persevered, given your best and thoroughly deserve success.  What students and parents have said: "I fully recommend Goldhill Education" I wouldn't hesitate to fully recommend...

 Assumed prior knowledge The Reactivity Series Rust forms on iron and steel as a result of a redox reaction between iron and oxygen.  2.15 - 2.20 Loss and gain Oxidation and redu... https://www.mychem.co.uk/index.php/igcse-chemistry/inorganic-chemistry/reactivity-series OCR Enter your text here ... EDEXCEL AQA Enter your text here ... Oxi...